Excellent and Comfortable Ceramic Wash Basins

The wash basins form an integral part of any bathroom or kitchen and it is always very important to choose a ceramic wash basin that meets both the design and budget consideration. The market has a wide variety of designs, models, materials and sizes according to different applications. Determining the type of wash basin to use can be a challenge to many people.  Ceramic wash basins are useful in both domestic and industrial applications.

Ceramic Wash Basin

Advantages of Ceramic Wash Basins

Time tested material

The ceramic material is one of the most commonly and oldest of the materials used making of different sanitary product for use in the home such as bathrooms, kitchens and wash stands.

 Ease of cleaning

The ceramic wash basins are very easy to clean and maintain, and they do not require the use of any special products for cleaning purposes. It is notable that they are easily cleaned with soap and water including using the normal cleaning liquid at home and a regular cleaning frequency will enable maintaining a bright and shiny look for several years.

Resistance to Stain

The ceramic wares are highly resistance to stains, discoloration and rusting which makes them good for regular usage, hygiene and maintain the value of your house. Being highly rust resistant makes them ideal for areas that also receive salty and saline water that leads to rapid staining of other materials.

Ease of moulding

They can be manufactured to a wide variety of shapes and designs and give that exclusive and unique appearance to your house, which can be a strong selling point when you needed to sell the house.  As a matter of fact, the basins are available in countless shapes and models that will easily suit your décor.

Cost Effectiveness

The ceramic wash basins are among the most cost effective sanitary ware items to be installed in the house. Their ease of maintenance and long life ensures that you get great value for the money invested.

Some Innovative Designs of Ceramic Wash Basinsinclude;

Ceramic Wash Basin with Pedestal

This model of the wash basin with pedestal is an elegant bathroom sanitary ware which quickly uplifts the look of a bathroom to a whole new level. The model can be available in different forms and models and from simple style colours to advanced colours.

Ceramic Handcrafted Wash Basins

This model utilizes high quality ceramics and skilful weaving of design to produce an excellent handcrafted wash basin. The combination of natural colours with natural interiors creates a high value appearance and comfort to the house. It also creates a great feel to touch and work on.

Ceramic Sticker Wash Basin

This is another great innovation to the ceramic wash basins, and has been gaining rapid demand among real estates, contractors in India and around the world. The sticker wash basins have rhyming prints and are manufactured from high quality material that adds good value to your interiors.

Rustic Wash Basin

Rustic colours in rustic wash basin have the earthly tones such as brown and deep red colours which add natural sense to the house. They can also be designed in different shades and hues to rhyme with an existing house theme.

 

The Ultimate Buyers Guide to Great and Comfort Bathrooms

Bathroom accessories are crucial for the bathroom as they help in making a style statement as well as for practical uses. The additional extras in space go a long way into ensuring that the bathroom functions correctly. The bathroom accessories also give attention to detail and enhance the overall design of the house. There is a wide range of bathroom accessories available in the market and they can be tailor made to your own needs without too much financial expenditure. Some of these accessories include;

Robe Hook

This is an important part of bathroom hardware and can be installed in various styles and designs. The designs range from double J styles, Multi robe styles, double, single and triple hook designs. The robe hook is manufactured with high quality material such as brushed nickel, with a smooth shiny finish that easily blends with the other accessories and the house theme.

Paper Holder

The paper holder is one of the important accessories that bring functionality and beauty to your bathroom. It allows us to store the toilet roll in a place close enough for the toilet user. The paper holder is available in the market in a wide range of fixed and movable styles in both vertical and horizontal orientation. You may also choose from traditional and modern styles that will match to your design needs.

Soap Dish

This accessory may be installed as wall mounted for best and easy usage. The product may be completely ceramic or made up of polished nickel as well. Some designs include the white marble soap dishes and basic models.

Ceramic shelf

This is also another important part of the bathroom; the ceramic shelf is good for contemporary designs but can also be made of different colours to suit other themes. It can be installed as a corner shelf for best space utilization. The best ceramic shelves have a white glossy finish that is always great for the house.

Towel Rail Bracket

Amazing designs are available for the towel rail brackets. These come as chrome plated rail brackets which can be used for both flat and curved towel rails. In some cases the towel rail brackets are adjustable, allowing you to alter the distance from the wall to the front of the rail. The attachment to the wall is made firm through special attachment techniques making them also long-lasting.

P-Trap

The p trap is an important part of every bathroom and sink in the house plumbing. It traps debris and physical dirt from the sink to prevent them from clogging the plumbing line further down. It also stops the sewer gases from flowing backwards to release a bad smell to the house. The p trap under the sink is designed to be easily unscrewed off and unblocked. It is also made with nickel plated metal to create a nice looking fixture for the home.

S-Trap

The functions of the s trap are similar to the p trap in preventing return of gases to the house after flushing the system with water. With these sanitary bathroom accessories, you are able to meet all the required hygiene standards as well as create great value and comfort to the home.

 

Ceramic Sanitary Wares Types and Market in Year 2017

Gone are the days when house sanitary wares played a secondary role in house interior design. Recent interior trends critically analyze all types of ceramic sanitary wares that will be needed in the house, aesthetic value, hygienic value and even their effect on the space utilization in the house.

Nowadays everybody is keen in selection of sanitary wares for the various rooms in the house. They always help you create the desired look in the house. These sanitary wares include  Wash basins, Wash basin with pedestal, Water Closets, One piece toilet, Two piece toilet, Close couple toilet, Squatting pan, Urinals, Bathroom Accessories and many more.

Need For Variety 

With the revolution in interior design, there has been increased innovation and creativity in manufacturing and sales of sanitary wares. Creative and functional wares are now dominating the market and designers are spoilt for choice when developing the interior décor style. Now you can easily adorn your hygiene wares and ceramic bathroom fittings in the style of your liking with ease.

Ceramic Sanitary Wares

Demand Shift

The increasing shift in demand towards residential housing estates, rather than own homes has created a good demand in ceramic sanitary wares. Sanitary ware wholesalers and manufacturers have been very proactive in support of these mega housing projects by availing the whole range of sanitary wares as the demand requires. Some of the heavily demanded products from the sanitary ware wholesalers include;

Commercial Sanitary Wares

There is a complete range of commercial sanitary wares including basins, urinals, plumbing systems available from the sanitary ware wholesalers. These one stop wholesalers are ideal for property developers who are able to benefit from bulk purchases of all the required installations.

Black Sanitary Wares

The trend of black sanitary wares is gradually coming back and seems quite pretty. Black being the unconventional color for dominance it requires good design. When well done as is the case nowadays it creates an extremely stunning and sophisticated interior. Different hues are available and it may also be mixed with other colors to make it more stylish.

 

 

 

Shires Sanitary Wares

The shires brand of sanitary wares is also among the most demanded and stocked ceramics. To bring out the best in your bathroom solutions, style and quality is paramount.

Classic sanitary wares in stock are used in premises to provide an excellent look in the premises. Some of the defining features of the classic sanitary wares include the rugged and sturdy construction that gives them a long life and ease of maintenance. The sanitary wares are also made with the scratch proof quality of material that is also impact resistant and has a perfect finish.

From the wholesalers, a wide range of sanitaire are available including the plumber sanitary wares, cabinet wash basins and a whole range of plumber fittings are available.

The market for the ceramic products continues to grow around the world. In the Indian alone it is expected to grow by over 12 %. The main drivers of this growth are the rapid increase in demand for housing.

In line with this trend, the ceramic sanitary ware manufacturers and sanitary ware wholesalers are focusing on innovation and creativity to maintain the market share.

Ceramic Sanitary Wares – Quality Products Bring Complete Makeover to Your Home

Sanitary facilities are important part of our homes both aesthetically and functionally. Since the age of man, sanitation has been an important part of mankind and requires all care and attention. Sanitary wares, like any other product and installation require care and maintenance. In rental facilities, there is more rapid degradation of sanitary facilities that may arise from misuse and mis-handling of products. Replacement of sanitary wares requires careful consideration of the type of product, usage and installation process.

Bathroom Ideas on Sanitary Wares

Several factors influence your choice of bathroom style and sanitary wares to use on them. These may include your budget, style and theme of your house and even your personal preferences.

Types of Water Closets

There are various types and designs of water closets in industry. They may be largely classified according to the sitting position as;

  • European water closets, which are also called western style (WC or the EWC toilet) they are designed to take the sitting position while in usage.
  • Squatting pan ( designed to be used in the squatting position)

From this classification, further innovations have been made on these designs and these are;

WC Health: designed to combine the sitting comfort with the health benefits of the squatting pan hygiene considerations. The sitting height is from 22-25 cm from the ground.

EWC Toilet – this is the western water closet designed for sit in and comes with the seat and cover and the flushing tank attached to it. The height is from 50- 55 cm and must withstand up to 400 kgs without damage.

S & P Traps EWC Toilet Types

This is toilet design based on the position of the piping. The S trap is recommended for ground floor installations when piping is done from below ground level, while the p trap is best for piping done on the top floors where the pipe line cannot be done under the toilet. Further classification on these can be done such as;

  • Floor mounts toilets
  • Wall hung toilets

Classification of sanitary wares can also be based on the type of seat cover whereby we may have the hard close or the soft close seat covers.

They may also be designed with concealed or visible trap ways. Concealed trap ways are more classic in appearance and may attract a higher cost than the visible trap ways.

Indian Water Closets

Sanitary ware companies in India have endeavored to design and develop ceramic sanitary wares fitting all types of house designs and themes. Indian water closets have been well designed with different types of bends systems such as S,U, J. and P bends that are able to allow good water retention and there is complete elimination of any foul smell that may occur.

For the mega construction and housing developers, wholesale sanitary wares are offered by the sanitary ware companies in India and distributors, creating a one stop shop for all your requirements. Designing your house requires good analysis of the ceramic sanitary wares that will be required.

Sanitary Ware Manufacturers – Perfected the Art of Ceramic Production

There has been a steady and rapid growth in the sanitary wares market in the last 5-6 years. This trend has prompted manufacturers to enhance their production facilities to a point where the combined output of these products has more than doubled. Some of the major ceramic sanitary products manufacturers include;  

Aone House

Aone House is a world leader in ceramics and sanitary ware products. It is a high quality sanitary wares exporter based in Gujarat India. The company offers a wide range of products including pedestal wash basins European water closets, table top wash basins and much more. These products have been recognized for their elegance and perfection in the market.

Sanitary Ware Manufacturers

Hindustan Sanitary Ware Limited – Hindware

Hindustan Sanitary Ware Limited is a renowned company in the field of ceramics and sanitary wares. The company is the leader in manufacturing of ranges of ceramic sanitary wares including bathroom wellness products such as bathtubs, showers, high end water closets, tiles, bath fittings and many other related products. With over 50 years manufacturing experience, the company has maintained the lead in quality production and has received various awards in quality management, quality interior ceramic products and environmentally friendly manufacturing.

Cera Sanitary Ware Limited – Cera

Cera Sanitary Ware Limited is well established in India with a wide range of sanitary ware products such as faucets, tiles, wash basins, one piece and two piece toilets, kitchen sinks, squatting pans, waterless urinals, soap trays, plastic cisterns and wall hung basins. The company has also invested in technology and innovation to create a vast national and international market for these products.

 

Parryware Roca India – Parryware

Parryware Roca India prides itself in product design, technology and sustainable development. It has a total of seven manufacturing plants that are strategically located in India to maximize production and efficiency in the company operations. These are for manufacturing of vitreous china products, faucets and plastic bathroom accessories. Some of the flagship products include water closets, kitchen sinks, seat covers, electronic toilets, shower trays, shower cabins and many other products.

TOTO

The company prides itself in a wide range of products in various categories. In the toilets category, the have the one piece toilet, close coupled, wall hung, wall faced toilets, seat covers and many more. The company has also developed innovative designs of wash basins including wall hung, wall faced and even the floor mounted ceramic wash lets that create a wonderful look to your house.

RAK Ceramics India: RAK

RAK Ceramics India is a globally recognized manufacturer of ceramic products including floor tiles, bathroom sanitary products and various types of lavatories. The products include wall hung and floor mounted designs, regular, bowl and counter ceramic wash basins, Urinals and urinal partitions, seat and covers (PVC single flush, faucets, and wash basins with pedestal)

Duravit Sanitary ware Pvt Ltd – Duravit

Duravit Sanitary ware is another well-established company in sanitary ware manufacturing. The company is distinguished for superior design and functional ceramic ware products. The company has continuously engaged in innovation and drive towards new production technologies and product design. You can get excellent bathroom designs, wash basins and wash areas, shower trays, bath tubs and a complete range of bathroom well ness products.

Other innovative product manufacturers include Tessa Sanitary ware (Eros), Bell ceramic collections, Axor and Jaguar PVT Companies, all of which deliver excellent and long lasting ceramic sanitary ware products.

Bathroom Ceramics Overview; Define Your Dream Bathroom Now

The bathroom is an important part of the house and it’s crucial to properly plan its design and create a nice and functional space. It is always best to choose the best sanitary ware available.

Important Facts of a Good Bathroom Sanitary Ware

Some of the important wares in the bathroom include; the bathtub, the shower, sink and the toilet bowl. Certain factors must be considered while choosing the sanitary wares to use.

Color

White is the generally preferred color for a classic bathroom. It is also a safe choice when you are not sure of the color combination to use.

Comfort

High-end ceramic sanitary wares are great for a comforting end of day’s work. A good pressure shower system will also help relax after a hard day’s work.

bathroom sanitary wares

Ease of Cleaning

This is also a crucial consideration. The sanitary wares installed must be easy to clean and prevent accumulation of stains.

Resistance to Wear and Tear

There is need to conduct a good research on the strength and toughness of the ceramic wear that you buy. Cracked and chipped sanitary washbasins are never a good site to behold.

Planning Out Your Bathroom

Some important questions to ask when planning your bathroom include;

  • The desired look; this can either be classic, contemporary, minimalist or just practical, and the suitability with your lifestyle.
  • Family considerations; younger family may go for practical considerations, that are easy to clean.
  • Budget; it is important to consider what fits into your budget. Stylish bathrooms are not necessarily costly to implement.
  • Research; review what sanitary wares manufacturers have recommended, checking out on magazines and reviews to compare with your house style.

Bathroom Sanitary Wares That Complement Your House

Good house design is important to ensure your living environment is comfortable and has the personal touch. Currently, bathroom sanitary ware manufacturers and suppliers have wide range of colors available to complement the house. It is important to consult a professional interior designer who helps you design the space available, colors and type of wares to install.

Sourcing the Best Sanitary Wares

Determining the best quality ceramic ware can be a challenge to anybody. The quality of sanitary wares may vary depending on the expected lifespan, budget allocation the expected appearance and target usage. Some important factors affecting the quality of ceramic wares include;

  • Depth of the glaze, this is the depth of the glass like surface on the ceramic ware. It protects the product from damage by water, and chemicals that frequently contact the surface. When the glaze is shallow, it easily absorbs water, cracks and breaks.
  • Overspray, this is the color of the ceramic. The default color is usually white, but manufacturers are now able to incorporate different colors to finished products.
  • Item design , advanced designs are harder to manufacture and are therefore more expensive than simple wares

Presence of visual defects; presence of cracks and chips may show an underlying quality problem and items showing these defects must be avoided.

Internal Industry Factors Affecting Development and Expansion of Sanitary Wares Market

History has shown that the human race cannot do without comfort, and luxury living, and sanitary wares have been important materials that deliver luxurious living.

Current Research and Development in Ceramics

The various developments in ceramics have also brought about changes in the manufacturing processes of ceramics. Ceramics are inorganic non-metallic solids that can function in a broad range of applications. The current research and development goes beyond various fields such as engineering, electronics as well as aerospace.

manufacturers of ceramic sanitary ware

Analyzing the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Global Ceramic Industry

The strengths and weaknesses of the global ceramic industry can be analyzed in various ways. For instance some governments from various countries have commitments to ensure high level of competition within their economic sectors that stimulate market expansion. This has made businesses become globally competitive and recognized due greater visibility and penetration into various continents.

The strengths and weaknesses of the global ceramic industry analysis the regulations, that enable the ceramic industry to develop quickly. So far, there are many factors that affect business operations in the ceramic industry. Such factors include economic factors, financial factors as well as climatic factors. The ceramic sanitary ware normally consists of wash basins, urinals, cisterns and bidets. The ceramic wares have the ability of maintaining hygiene and are strong in nature.

Global Expansion Opportunities for Sanitary Wares

This industry has had a high expected demand over the years in various countries. The ceramic wares industry is segmented in raw materials such as ball clay and quartz. This segmentation has enabled global competition and expansion opportunities across all borders.

In recent years, ceramic sanitary ware has been used in construction of offices and in public transportation and also in investments. The ceramic sanitary ware industry is very competitive and it has several international and regional providers. Some of the key vendors in the ceramic sanitary wares have made impact in all corners of the world and not exhausted the market potential yet. The products are important for our daily lives. These wares are able to enhance the looks and value of the place where they are put.

Factors Affecting Global Competition among Manufacturers

Sanitary wares are of different designs, colors and styles. Since the wares are of delicate nature, it is important that they are handled with care. One should also ensure that the wares are well certificated upon purchase so as to avoid buying products that are not genuine. Genuine ceramic ware products do not consist of cracks or inconsistent surfaces. Quality, affordability and durability have been major areas driving competition.

These products require proper handling especially when installing them and handling them. In most countries there has been a vast growth of the ceramic sanitary ware products. The reasons for the increase in these products are the rapid demand especially from the building and construction sector. For most people the ceramic sanitary ware give a luxurious feel and especially to the homes. Having such products within ones home portrays wealth and an improved standard of living.

The manufacturers of ceramic sanitary wares have also been able to renovate their designs and styles so as to suit the preferences of most people. The current designs include water storage sets, wash basins, bath tubs and more. The ceramic ware business is in the boom for many people in most countries.

Sanitary Wares and Interior Design Process

The process of interior design follows a systematic and coordinated process that involves research, analysis, and the integration of knowledge into the creative process to produce an interior theme that achieves the target goals and objectives. The choice and installation of different types of sanitary ware in the house can completely alter the theme and introduce a fresh appearance of the house.

Concept Design and Planning Considerations

This process involves a detailed, measured and photographic survey of the existing and proposed drawing to fit the ceramics at designated places. With the advanced technology today, 3D modeling has enabled interior design artists to develop models and illustrate to potential clients before actual installation is done.

Matching the Home Finish with the Design of Sanitary Wares

 The sanitary wares are important part of our daily lives and are part and parcel of the home. When they are selected well they can effectively enhance the look and value of the home as well as adding to the comfort. These wares come in different designs, colors and styles and they add to the luxury of the home.

Sourcing and Transport Considerations of Ceramic Wares

Sanitary and ceramic wares are delicate installations that require proper handling during installation. It is important to ensure factory certification before purchase. The appearance of the product should be smooth and beautiful, absent of cracks, smooth edges, and with a consistent tone.

Due to the brittle and delicate nature of these wares, extreme caution must be exercised in handling. Proper wrapping of the ceramic wash basins, water closets and ceramic sinks helps in retaining the smooth edges and the beauty of the product.

ceramic sanitary wares

Ceramic Installation Procedures

Installation is done only after completion of the plumbing, drainage, floor, tiles and room doors. The water closet is fixed with proper alignment with the inlet and the outlet piping system. This is important as it prevents future problems of leakages and avoidable breakages. Where necessary, holes are fixed onto the floor or wall for proper fixing of the screws that will eventually mount the ceramic wash basin.

It is important that the W.C connector rubber seal is correctly located on the rim of the connector. In attachments of wash basins it is crucial to incorporate the water proof seals, to ensure no leakages will ever happen.

The Bath Tub and Shower Tray

The tub /tray drain shall be well connected to the waste pipe using the appropriate waterproof adapter. The joints around the tub must also be sealed with a waterproof sealant. For the shower accessories, the cold and hot water points must be appropriately marked, fixed and then tiling done.

Kitchen Sinks and Washes Basins

They must be installed to the exact position a specified in the drawings to avoid any misalignments from occurring. The waste pipes shall also be well fixed to avoid potential leakage problems. The gap between the sink and marble must be well sealed to avoid problems of dirty water clogging the lines in due course.

African Countries – Potential Demand of Indian Ceramic Sanitary Ware Products

According to a recent report on ceramic and sanitary ware market, India holds the number three position in the list of top 10 ceramic tiles producers all over the world. That has a great impact on the market of Indian sanitary wares in the other countries; especially in the African nations. There are lots of countries like Nigeria or Algeria where one can find a huge demand of these products. The Indian sanitary ware market experiences a rapid growth because of that demand. The growth of construction and infrastructure industry in these countries is mainly responsible for that demand. The Indian sanitary ware manufacturers do not want to miss the chance of grabbing that huge market.

Demand of Ceramic Sanitary Wares in Algeria

Algeria is one of those African countries that have been experiencing a steady growth in the infrastructure and construction industry since last few years. The real industry is growing fast too. This growth makes the high demand for top class sanitary wares an obvious thing. Thus, the construction and development companies need supreme quality ceramic sanitary wares in Algeria for their upcoming projects. That requirement is fulfilled neatly by the Indian manufacturers of ceramic sanitary wares.

Nigeria – Potential Buyer of Indian Sanitarywares

The quality of Indian sanitary wares is very highly demanded in Nigeria. They are built of the finest quality ceramic and other materials. They are rich in style and look. These products can enhance the look of any toilet and bathroom. Thus, the number of potential buyers of these items is increasing day by day in the African countries. Nigeria is one such country where you can find a lot of potential buyers of Indian sanitary wares. This is the 5th country in the list of the top ten buyers of the sanitary wares all over the world. The growing real estate business provides great support to that. There are hotels and other constructions where high-class sanitary wares are required.

Indian Ceramic Sanitary Ware in African Countries

Infrastructure Developments Increasing Demands of Sanitarywares in Egypt and Libya

Egypt and Libya are considered as the linking countries between Africa and the Middle East. The matter of the infrastructure development increases the demand for high-quality sanitary wares in these countries too. There are lots of new roads and other constructional projects developing in Egypt and Libya. Good growth in real estate business can be noticed too. Thus, the overall demand for sanitary wares increases very quickly in these countries. Here also India becomes the dominant exporter of these products.

Looking for Quality Ceramic Sanitary Ware Manufacturers in South Africa?

The lifestyle of South Africa has changed a lot in the last 25 years. The country becomes one of the favorite travel destinations for the tourists of all over the world. That makes the hotel and real estate business a growing one in this region. Therefore, the demand for high quality and luxury bathroom accessories is very high in this country. People like to buy products that are durable and look classy. The Indian manufacturers of bathroom accessories and sanitary wares are among the top exporters of these items in South Africa.

Importance of Certification and Standard Maintenance for Wall Mounted Commode & Sanitary Ware Products

Sanitary ware manufacturer have seen a vast growth and there is a high demand for ceramic sanitary ware products. There are various reasons for these increased demands of ceramic sanitary ware though. Ceramic sanitary ware provides a luxurious feel and there by gives an upscale feel to the interiors of the home. It is one of the ways by which wealth and standard of living can be showcased without actually having to brag about it verbally.

New-Age Designs

The manufacturer of sanitary ware are gradually renovating their styles of the product with that suit the current lifestyles of people. The new-age designs include wall mounting commodes, water saving sets of wash basins and faucets. Renovated steam bath structures as well as bathing structures have found its place in the modern bathrooms. The various shapes of bathtub also add to the aristocratic feel of the setup of the house. The manufactures are currently in the boom since there is a high demand of new designed sanitary products in the market instead of having to replace the old ones.

Wall Mounted Commode India

Demand of the Products

The current family structure setup, in most cases the husband and wife both earn and hence the standard of living is usually high. The fast paced lifestyle of the people has led to the demand of better developed sanitary ware products that make daily life chores less time consuming. The families presently opt for a more premium look and hence willingly invest in high end products. The foreign companies in the market are the ones to offer the premium look wares. The foreign sanitary ware products are more in demand due its superior quality and proper completion of certification requirement.

Certification of the Product

Certification of a product is the identification of the quality of the product from a recognized source. This certification is very important since you being the customer must ensure that you are providing value for money when you are buying things for your home. The certification standards and requirement of any product, including sanitary ware will depend on the country of its origin. Indian certification standard means an ISO9000 certification mark on the product. This certification is the indication that the product is of good quality and has been made conforming to the laws of environment. For the European market, it is important to follow the European standard which UNI EN. Similarly the American certification requires the fulfillment of ASME/ CSA standards.

Standard of Certification

The requirement of the certification is to ensure the obedience to the criterions and the essential requirement of the import-export business. There are certain tests that the product has to undergo in order to get the certification. Some of the most commonly performed tests are dealing with the physical and chemical resistance of the mass ceramic, the basic functionality of the sanitary ware combined with their geometric as well as dimensional aspects for that of the product. It is only after the completion of these tests that the products are certified and procure eligibility to be sold in the market and for trade.